I have found a black hole in my garden. At least I think that is what it is, but I wanted to
ask you to make sure. What exactly is a black hole and how do I get rid of it.
Surely what you have in your garden is just an everyday hole, not an astronomic
black hole.
A normal black hole is the remaining of a massive star (around thirty times heavier than the sun). The stable life of any star consists in an equilibrium between the force that makes the star smaller and denser and the forces that ‘want’ to expand all the stellar material away. The former force is the well known gravity force, which makes that any two objects with masses are attracted by each other; this force makes us to be ‘stuck’ in the earth surface or the moon not to leave the earth surroundings. In stars, the material also ‘wants’ to be as close as possible by gravity. The main force that stops the material to collapse in one point in stars is the fusion of light particles, such as hydrogen atoms, into heavier particles. Fusion releases even more energy than fission, more energy than in nuclear bombs, so the stellar material is hardly hit outwards. The gravity and the fusion are hence equilibrated and the star has a volume roughly constant, provided that light material remains to be fused. When this material is finished in massive stars, there is not any physics mechanism strong enough to stops the collapse of all the material into a singular point. The massive star dies as an extremely dense object called black hole.
A black hole theoretically has a lot of particular characteristics, for example it is so dense that even the light cannot escape from it (and we see it black). For every object with mass (which exerts a gravitational attraction in any other object with mass) there is a minimum velocity from which a particle can escape from its attraction. For instance, if we throw a ball into the air, it could escape from the earth attraction if we were able to throw it with a velocity of 12 kilometres per second. A hypothetical object that travelled faster than light maybe could escape from the gravity of a black hole. However, since such an object cannot exist according to the current physics theory, nothing can escape from a black hole once it has passed its ‘surface’ (called event horizon). At the centre of
the black hole lies a singularity, where space and time cease to exist as we know them (and cause and effect cannot be unravelled), very difficult to understand. When an object goes through the event horizon, it cannot stop itself from moving towards the singularity; going in the opposite direction would be like going back in time!
There is no limit in principle to how much or how little mass a black hole can have. The mass and the radio of a black hole are directly related, and thus theoretically there are black holes of all sizes. However, in order to create a black hole, material should be concentrated with an enormous pressure, the mass of the sun, for instance, should be compacted into a sphere of three kilometres. Even more pressure is needed to create a black hole less massive. This pressure was only available in the very early stages of the universe, possibly creating microblack holes. It is not very likely that the hole in your garden has existed since the beginning of the time!
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